France’s government fell on Monday after lawmakers delivered a decisive vote of no confidence against Prime Minister François Bayrou, forcing President Emmanuel Macron to search for his fourth head of government in just 12 months.
Bayrou, 74, was ousted in a 364-194 vote in the National Assembly after losing support for his plan to slash public spending in an effort to reduce France’s growing debt.
🚨Breaking News: The French Government has collapsed as France’s Prime Minister Francois Bayrou has lost a confidence vote of 364-194 in the National Assembly
Francois Bayrou now has to present Emmanuel Macron with the resignation of his government pic.twitter.com/qmOCKuRJ54
— The Calvin Coolidge Project (@TheCalvinCooli1) September 8, 2025
He had been appointed by Macron in December, but his minority government lasted only a few months.
The collapse has left the European Union’s second-largest economy in political turmoil.
BREAKING – The French government collapses.
And now they are now demanding impeachment or resignation of Macron.
The entire country will be brought to a standstill in 2 days time as the people take to the streets to demand change.
We hear you France 🔥 pic.twitter.com/ekFoW7lKuh
— Bernie (@Artemisfornow) September 8, 2025
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France, which holds the bloc’s most powerful military and only nuclear arsenal, is now facing both internal financial strains and international challenges involving conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East.
Bayrou’s defeat had been anticipated after he announced last month that he would seek a confidence vote on his economic strategy.
Despite two weeks of preparation, Macron has yet to identify a clear successor to stabilize the government.
Bayrou is the third prime minister to exit office prematurely since September 2024.
Gabriel Attal resigned that month after failing to secure a majority, and his successor, Michel Barnier, was voted out just three months later.
In his final address as prime minister, Bayrou admitted his plan had failed to win support.
His proposals included a $51 billion savings package that would have eliminated two public holidays and frozen government spending.
“The greatest risk was to not take one, to let things go on without changing anything, to go on doing politics as usual,” Bayrou said.
He described France as suffering from “a silent, underground, invisible, and unbearable hemorrhage” caused by excessive borrowing.
“Submission to debt is like submission through military force. Dominated by weapons, or dominated by our creditors, because of a debt that is submerging us — in both cases, we lose our freedom,” Bayrou added.
He also cautioned lawmakers about the consequences of rejecting his approach.
“You have the power to overthrow the government, but you do not have the power to erase reality,” he said.
“Reality will remain inexorable. Spending will continue to increase and the debt burden — already unbearable — will grow heavier and more costly.”
France’s public debt reached $3.93 trillion, or about 114 percent of gross domestic product, at the end of the first quarter of 2025. By comparison, the United States’ debt-to-GDP ratio stands at roughly 119 percent.
Bayrou’s ouster also underscores the continuing fallout from Macron’s decision in June 2024 to dissolve the National Assembly.
Macron hoped the move would strengthen his centrist, pro-European coalition, but instead it left the legislature fragmented without a dominant bloc for the first time in modern French history.
Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right National Rally party, seized on the latest developments to call for another dissolution of the assembly.
“A big country like France cannot live with a paper government, especially in a tormented and dangerous world,” she told lawmakers.
Her party believes it could win a majority in a snap election.
Both left- and right-wing members of the assembly have also urged Macron to resign, but the president has vowed to remain in office until the end of his term.
Bayrou is expected to formally present his resignation to Macron on Tuesday.
The president will then have only days to appoint a new prime minister in hopes of preventing further instability within the French government.
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